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——Unit1
第二章 Academic exploration 1
Reading & understanding
一、Reading in detail
只需点击右下角精读，然后点击播放，播完全文即可
二、Understanding the text
1、Comprehension 1
Ⅰ C.Types...
Ⅱ B.The...
Ⅲ A.Dangers...
2、Comprehension 2
1）A.achieved trait
2）D.chosen trait
3）F.negative trait
4）G.positive trait
5）E.narrower category
6）H.rivalry...
7) C.broad category
8) B.ascribed trait
三、Language focus
1、Vocabulary learning(划拉两下即可)
2、Words in use(可以拖动选项到横线上，非原型的要注意改一下)
1）consequence
2）trait
3）multilingual
4）ascribe
5）categorized （加d,完成时态）
6）foster
7）affiliation
8）rivalry
3、Translation
1) 尽管持续的兄弟姐妹竞争会导致行为问题和日后建立关系的问题，但较温和的形式已被证明对儿童期的发展有有益的影响。
2）确认偏差是指人们倾向于使用能够确认其现有信念或假设的信息。
3) 我们都可能有固执的倾向，但对于那些对改变有强烈恐惧的人来说，固执可能成为一种主导模式。
4) 职业中的自我信念是由价值观、动机和经验组成的，用于定义和指导个人成长和实践。
Thinking & exploring
一、Interpreting the text
1、Interpreting the text
1) How do you understand the "broad" and "narrow" aspects of a person's identity traits in Para. 2?
答案：
The concepts "broad" and "narrow" are comparative. The broad aspects of a person's identity traits are general, such as nationality, sex, and occupation. These broad categories may include more people with certain identity traits. The narrow aspects of a person's identity traits are more specific than the broad ones. As a result, narrow categories may involve fewer people. For example, "brother of Anna" might be an exclusive identity that refers specifically to the exact person, not anyone else.
2) What are the differences between the three types of identity traits – ascribed, achieved and chosen?
答案：
An ascribed trait is one that you're born with; an achieved trait is one you work for; and a chosen trait is one that you choose for yourself.
3) Why are the identities so important to us?
答案：
Because our identities can not only shape our belief in who we are, but also impact how others treat us.
4) How do you understand "People don't just define themselves as who they are, however; they also define themselves as who they are not" in Para. 8?
答案：
This sentence emphasizes that a certain trait that people don't have also constitutes an important part of their identities. This is especially significant when some traits are incompatible and rival against each other. In other words, you can't be both A and B at the same time. As illustrated in Para. 8, some people may share the common trait of being basketball fans, but they support different teams. Under such circumstances, if they focus too much on the differences rather than similarities between them, there could be serious consequences.
5) The author states in Para. 9 "Rather than confirming the positive effects of social identity, these rivalries can make people feel insecure, threatened, angry, or even fearful." What does the phrase "these rivalries" refer to?
答案：
These rivalries refer to the competition, tension or hostility among different groups that have a lot in common but are very different in certain aspects, often with conflicts of interests. For example, there can be rivalries when people form different groups because of their preference for different brands of laptops, or even different leaders in the same political party.
6) What are positive and negative effects of group membership?
答案：
The positive effects might be that a shared identity could make people feel better about themselves; also they could understand each other better and form a stronger bond within the group. The negative effects might be that some groups can be extremely exclusive and rivalries may form between different groups, which can make people feel insecure, threatened, angry, or even fearful.
三、Getting the skill
1、Recognizing & understanding
视频中弹出的选择题，答案是 A B C D
2、Practicing the skill 1
Directions:
Find the information about identity traits in the text. Explain how the identity traits are classified and defined.
（题目翻译：在文本中查找有关身份特征的信息。解释身份特征是如何分类和定义的。）
答案：
The types of identity traits are specified in Para. 3. They are classified into three types with category names – ascribed, achieved and chosen. All the categories are listed at the beginning, and then defined and explained one by one with examples.
3、Practicing the skill 2
Directions:
Read the following paragraph and identify the way(s) different leadership styles are classified. Pay attention to the key words or expressions that help you recognize classification.
（题目翻译：阅读以下段落，确定不同领导风格的分类方式。注意有助于识别分类的关键词或表达。）
答案：
Strategies used for classification:
1. The number of categories: At the very start of the given paragraph, the writer made it clear that there are in total three leadership styles. The specific number of categories is offered.
2. The names of categories: The writer further categorized the three leadership styles by giving a specific name to each of them. According to the paragraph, they are "democratic leaders," "laissez-faire leaders" and "authoritarian leaders."
3. Linking words: for example, in contrast, an example of this kind of, like
The author utilized linking words to establish some logic among the three types of leadership styles. "In contrast" is used to demonstrate differences between different styles; "for example," "an example of this kind of," and "like" are used to introduce examples to illustrate each style.
第三章 Academic exploration 2
Reading & understanding
二、Understanding the text
1、Comprehension 1
Para1——H.old...
Para2——C.new...
Para3——I.details...
Para4——F.result...
Para5——D.contrast...
Para6——A.limitations...
Para7——J.questions...
Para8——B....before
Para9——K....friend
Para10 — E....workplace
Para11 — G....improvement
2、Comprehension 2
1）B.False
2）B.False
3）A.True
4）B.False
5）A.True
三、Language focus
1、Vocabulary learning (划拉两下即可)
2、Words in use
1）participants (加s)
2）correlation
3）frustrated
4）comprehensive
5）rated (加d，表被动)
6）suggest
7）tempt
8）co-workers (加s)
3、Translation
1)、这项研究的范围很广：诸如年龄、性别、每周上网时间和网龄等变量均被考虑在内。
2)、研究结果显示大多数人都会夸大与自己相关的信息，隐瞒信息，在一些情况下甚至会发布不实信息，这一结果让我感到惊讶。
3)、当人们对复杂的任务感到困惑时，注意力不集中或太过疲劳时，人们可能会拖延。
4)、虽然每个人的经历不同，但在人的一生中，自尊心似乎以可预测的、系统性的方式起伏。
Thinking & exploring
一、Interpreting the text
1、Interpreting the text
1) Is the tone of the text formal or informal? How do you know? Who do you think is the intended audience of this text?
答案：
The tone is informal. First of all, it has a conversational style. The author frequently uses the second-person pronoun "you" and its possessive form "your," which sounds like speaking directly to the readers. Also the author asks several rhetorical questions, such as "Although some therapists do good work helping patients accept themselves as they are, to build self-esteem, wouldn't it be more beneficial to eliminate negative personality traits than to learn to accept them?". In English, the technique of asking rhetorical questions is often used in speech and in informal writing. Besides, there are quite a few contractions, such as "it's" and "didn't," which are rarely used in formal writing. Moreover, some colloquial expressions are used, such as "Let's …", "say you're …".
The intended audience could be those who are studying psychology or doing research in this field, or anyone who are interested in understanding their personalities.
2) In Para. 2, why does the author regard the findings of the Scottish study as "unexpected"?
答案：
Because the finding that the participants' personalities changed over a 63-year period is contrary to the general belief that a person's personality is stable.
3) What is the writing purpose of Para. 6?
答案：
Para. 6 is a typical transitional paragraph. The author first makes a concession that there might be limitations of the study, and then emphasizes that the findings are still significant as they have interesting implications. In the following part, the implications of the study are listed in detail. Therefore, the writing purpose of Para. 6 is to highlight the significance of the study, thereby leading to the following paragraphs.
4) What could be the "more reasonable expectations" of old childhood friends who reconnect after many years, as implied in Para. 9?
答案：
Your friendship might not be as deep now as it was before, as your personalities may have both changed.
5) Why is it important for managers to know that personality traits can change, as mentioned in Para. 10?
答案：
Because managers can accordingly train their employees to be better and more effective in terms of personality. This is usually cheaper than hiring a replacement instead.
6) The text ends with the sentence "you can learn some new tricks." What does it suggest?
答案：
It suggests that you can make some changes to your personality.
7) What do you think is the author's attitude toward personality change?
答案：
The author holds a positive attitude toward personality change. This attitude is manifested in the implications derived from the Scottish study. In interpersonal relationships, people may have a new way to think about other people, especially someone they knew a long time ago. In the workplace, employees' personality can be trained to be better at and more effective in their work. In personal life, knowing that personality can change is the first step toward eliminating negative personality traits and changing into a better person.
三、Getting the skill
1、Recognizing words
视频中间会弹出一个选择题，答案是 D
2、Practicing the skill 1
1) Para. 4 word or phrase: _____ refers to: _____
答案：
each other; ratings in different years
2) Para. 5 word or phrase: _____ refers to: _____
答案：
others; character traits
3) Para. 8 word or phrase: _____ refers to: _____
答案：
each other; you and someone you knew in school
4) Para. 10 word or phrase: _____ refers to: _____
答案：
one another; employees in the workplace
5) Para. 11 word or phrase: _____ refers to: _____
答案：
ones; personality traits
3、Practicing the skill 2
1) Paragraph 1——Substitution words and their functions:
答案：
This paragraph uses the substitution words "one" and "another." "One" substitutes for a way "to emphasize the future and organizational outcomes and to take action and launch initiatives." The use of it avoids repeating the long phrase. "Another" substitutes for a different way "to emphasize the future and organizational outcomes and to take action and launch initiatives." Besides reducing the repetition, the use of "another" also makes the sentence connect well with the preceding sentences, thus strengthening the cohesion of the paragraph.
2) Paragraph 2——Substitution words and their functions:
答案：
This paragraph uses the substitution words "do" and "doing so." "Do" refers to "jeopardize their credibility," and it helps to connect the two types of leaders in the sentence; "doing so" refers to getting back to the person, and the use of it avoids repeating the information of "I'll get back to you."
Critical thinking
一、Getting the skill
1、Making generalizations
视频中间会弹出一个选择题，答案是 A
2、Practicing the skill 1
Directions:
Read the paragraph. Find the two over-generalizations. How could you reword them so that they are not over-generalizations?
（题目翻译：读这段话。找出两个过度概括。你怎么能改写它们，使它们不是过度概括？。）
1) Over-generalization 1: _____
Reworded version: _____
答案：
Over-generalization 1: a girl who talks too much
A possible reworded version: a person who talks too much
2) Over-generalization 2: _____
Reworded version: _____
答案：
Over-generalization 2: a guy who is too pushy
A possible reworded version: someone who is too pushy
3、Practicing the skill 2
答案是 B C
第四章 Academic writing
Writing model
一、Essay prompt
1、Essay prompt
1) "Some people believe that you are not born with a fixed identity and that how you are raised determines your personality. How far do you agree with this idea? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience."
答案：
"Some people believe that you are not born with a fixed identity and that how you are raised determines your personality. How far do you agree with this idea? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience."
二、Model analysis
1、Task 1
1）C
2）F
3）F
4）A
2、Task 2
1) What is the thesis statement of this essay? Which paragraph does it appear in?
答案：
The thesis statement of the essay is: "Both research and personal experiences have led me to think that the most important factor is the identity that people have from birth."
It appears in paragraph 1.
3、Task 3
1) The writer gives an example from outside research and also a personal example. Which one appears first? Why do you think so?
答案：
The example from outside research appears first, because it is more convincing than personal experience.
Language for writing
一、Vocabulary development
第一部分
1）Thinking (首字母大写)
2）intuitive
3）judging
4）Extroverted (首字母大写)
5）Feeling (首字母大写)
6）introverted
7）perceiving
8）Sensing (首字母大写)
第二部分
1）introverted——B. extroverted
2）sensing ——D. intuitive
3）thinking ——A. feeling
4）judging ——C. perceiving
二、Grammar
第一部分
1）yourself
2）ourselves
3）himself
第二部分
1）I myself don't believeidentity is very important.
2）Nobody was more surprisedby the results of the study than the researchers themselves!
3）Ms. Thatcher herself couldn't believe the outcome of her research.
Writing skill
一、Getting the skill
2、Practicing the skill 1
C. word map
B. free writing
A. chart
3、Practicing the skill 2
Directions: Choose one of the following topics. Brainstorm for fiveminutes using one of the methods you've just learned. Then brainstorm foranother five minutes using a different method. Think about which method hashelped you get the most ideas.
（题目翻译：选择以下主题之一。用你刚学过的方法之一进行五分钟的头脑风暴。然后用另一种方法头脑风暴五分钟。想想哪种方法帮助你获得了最多的想法。）
（可以瞎写，即使把题目复制一下都行，不计入总成绩）
参考答案：
After brainstorm for five minutes with above methods, freewriting has helped me get the most ideas. |
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发表于 2022-12-11 02:47:41